1898년 7월 22일, 미국의 조각가 알렉산더 콜더 (Alexander Calder, 1898 ∼ 1976) 출생

1898년 7월 22일, 미국의 조각가 알렉산더 콜더 (Alexander Calder, 1898 ∼ 1976) 출생

알렉산더 콜더 (Alexander Calder, 1898년 7월 22일 ∼ 1976년 11월 11일)는 미국의 조각가이다.

– 알렉산더 콜더 (Alexander Calder)
.출생: 1898년 7월 22일, 미국 펜실베이니아 론튼
.사망: 1976년 11월 11일, 미국 뉴욕 뉴욕
.시대: 키네틱 아트, 근대 미술, 초현실주의, 섹숑도르
.배우자: 루이자 제임스 (1931 ~ 1976년)
.자녀: 메리 칼더 로어, 산드라 칼더 데이비슨
.학력: The Art Students League of New York (1923 ~ 1926년)

미국의 조각가로 움직이는 미술인 키네틱 아트의 선구자이다. 움직이는 조각인 모빌로 잘 알려져 있다.

초기에는 초현실주의의 영향을 받은 작업을 했다. 그러나 이후 피트 몬드리안의 영향을 받아 단순하고 기하학적인 구조물을 제작하기 시작했다.

그가 창안한 모빌은 조각을 받침대에서 벗어나게 했고 계속 움직이며 변화하게 만들었다는 점에서 높은 평가를 받는다. 이전의 서양 조각은 받침대 위에 올려져 있었고, 이런 구성은 성상과 같은 양식이었기 때문에 조각가들은 이 구성을 타파하려 노력했다. 그러면서 계속 새로운 자극을 주며 변화하는 예술을 구성하는 것이 조각가들의 목표였다. 칼더는 이를 줄에 조각을 매다는 방식으로 간단하게 구현했다.

그러나 콜더가 모빌 작업만 한 것은 아니다. 그는 고정된 조각 작업도 많이 했는데, 그는 이를 스테이빌 (Stabile)이라고 칭했다.

○ 생애 및 활동

모빌의 창시자로 알려진 콜더는 미국의 필라델피아에서 출생하였다.

처음 공학을 배웠으며 뉴욕에서 명성을 얻게 되었다.

1926년 런던을 거쳐 파리로 유학, 여기에서 처음으로 목조에 손을 댔으며 철사조각도 제작하였다.

이윽고 구성주의와 신조형주의 (新造形主義)의 영향을 받아 추상조각으로 전환하였고, 또한 미로를 위시한 쉬르레알리슴의 회화에서 이미지를 계발하게 되었다.

갖가지 금속 소재를 사용하게 된 데에는 자코메티가 시사한 바를 따랐다는 말도 있다.

1932년에 그는 철사와 쇠조각을 사용, 입체를 구성하여 이것을 공중에 매달아 공기의 진동에 의하여 움직일 수 있는 조형물을 제작했다.

이것이 모빌이며 이 제작에 의하여 그는 조각은 부동한 것이라고 하는 종래의 사고방식을 한꺼번에 역전시켰다.

그는 또한 스태빌이라 부르는 움직이지 않는 금속판의 구성물을 만들었다.

○ Recognition and awards

1939 – First prize in the Museum of Modern Art, New York, competition for Plexiglas sculpture
1952 – Represented the United States at the Venice Biennale and was awarded the main prize for sculpture
1955 – Philadelphia Art Festival, for Pre-eminence in Art
1957 – Stevens Institute of Technology Honor Award for Notable Achievement
1958 – First Prize for Sculpture at the Pittsburgh International
1958 – First Prize for Sculpture in Carnegie Prize
1959 – Award with Carlos Raúl Villanueva at IV Bienal, Museu de Arte Moderna, Exposição Internacional de Arquitetura
1960 – National Institute of Arts and Letters, insignia
1960 – Gold Medal of Honor, the Architectural League of New York, for sculpture at UNESCO
1961 – Fine Arts Gold Medal for a Master of Sculpture at the American Institute of Architects
1962 – Art in America Annual Award for Outstanding Contribution to American Art (shared with Alfred H. Barr, Jr.)
1962 – Creative Arts Award for Sculpture at Brandeis University
1963 – President’s Medal, Art Director’s Club
1963 – Edward MacDowell Medal for Outstanding Contribution to the Arts from The MacDowell Colony
1964 – Elected to American Academy of Arts and Letters
1966 – St. Botolph Distinguished Artist Award
1966 – Honorary Degree, Doctor of Arts, Harvard University
1967 – Honorary Sponsor, Philadelphia International Festival of Short Films
1968 – Officier de la Légion d’honneur, Ministry of Culture, France
1968 – New York State Award
1969 – Honorary Degree of Doctor of Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology
1969 – Key to the City of Grand Rapids, Michigan
1969 – Granted the same droit de suite rights as French authors
1969 – Honorary Degree of Doctor of Arts, Grand Valley State College
c.1970 – Monnaie de Paris, 2 Calder coins
1971 – The Gold Medal for Sculpture, National Institute of Arts and Letters and the American Academy of Arts and Letters
1973 – Honorary Degree, Doctor of Fine Arts, University of Hartford
1974 – Commandeur de la Légion d’honneur, Ministry of Culture, France
1974 – Saint Pierre des Corps
1974 – Citoyen d’Honneur, Commune de Sáche, France
1974 – Official Mayoral Decree of “Alexander Calder Day in Chicago” (October 25, 1974)
1974 – Honorary Citizen of Chicago
1974 – Grand Prix National des Art et Lettres, Ministry of Culture, France
1975 – U.N. Peace Medal
1975 – Liberty Bell, City of Philadelphia
1975 – United Nations Peace Medal
1976 – Official Cachet, presented to Calder as designer of the WFUNA Cachet on the first day of issue
1977 – Posthumously awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom
1977 – Goslar Award for Modern Art
1983 – United States Mint issues a half-ounce gold medallion honoring Calder
1998 – US Postal Service issues a set of five 32-cent stamps honoring Calder
Calder Gardens

○ Selected works

Dog (1909), folded brass sheet, made as a present for Calder’s parents
The Flying Trapeze (1925), oil on canvas, 36 x 42 in.
Elephant (c. 1928), wire and wood, 11½ x 5¾ x 29.2 in.
Hi! (ca. 1928), brass wire, painted wood base, Honolulu Museum of Art
Policeman (ca. 1928) wire and wood.
Aztec Josephine Baker (1930), wire, 53″ x 10″ x 9″. A representation of Josephine Baker, the exuberant lead dancer from La revue nègre at the Folies Bergère.
Untitled (1931), wire, wood and motor; one of the first kinetic mobiles
Small Feathers (1931), wire, wood and paint; first true mobile, although designed to stand on a desktop
Cône d’ébène (1933), ebony, metal bar and wire; early suspended mobile (first was made in 1932)
Object with Yellow Background (1936), painted wood, metal, string, Honolulu Museum of Art
Mercury Fountain (1937), sheet metal and liquid mercury metal
Devil Fish (1937), sheet metal, bolts and paint; first piece made from a model
1939 New York World’s Fair (maquette) (1938), sheet metal, wire, wood, string and paint
Necklace (c. 1938), brass wire, glass and mirror
Sphere Pierced by Cylinders (1939), wire and paint; the first of many floor-standing, lifesize “stabiles” (predating Anthony Caro’s “plinthless” sculptures by two decades)
Lobster Trap and Fish Tail (1939), sheet metal, wire and paint (suspended mobile); design for the stairwell of the Museum of Modern Art, New York
Black Beast (1940), sheet metal, bolts and paint (freestanding plinthless stabile)
S-Shaped Vine (1946), sheet metal, wire and paint (suspended mobile)
Sword Plant (1947) sheet metal, wire and paint (standing mobile)
Snow Flurry (1948), sheet metal, wire and paint (suspended mobile)
Stillman House Mural (1952), View of pool at Stillman House
.125 (1957), steel plate, rods and paint
Spirale (1958), steel plate, rod and paint, 360″ high; public monumental mobile for Maison de l’UNESCO, Paris
Guillotine pour huit (Guillotine for eight), (1962), at the LaM, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
Teodelapio (1962), steel plate and paint, monumental stabile, Spoleto, Italy
Sky Hooks (1962)
La Grande voile (1966), a 33-ton metal sculpture composed of five intersecting forms, four planes, and one curve. It stands 40 feet (12 m) tall, on the campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Trois disques (1967) stainless steel plate, bolts and paint, 65′ x 83′ x 53′, monumental stabile, Montreal Canada
Gwenfritz (1968) National Museum of American History
Spinal Column (1968), San Diego Museum of Art
La Grande Vitesse, (1969), steel plate, bolts and paint, 43′ x 55′ x 25′, Grand Rapids, Michigan
Bent Propeller, [destroyed in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001] 1970–71, 7 World Trade Center, New York City
Peau Rouge Indiana (Red Skin Indiana) (1970), steel plate, bolts and paint, 40′ x 32′ x 33′, Bloomington, Indiana
Reims, Croix du Sud (Reims, Cross of the South) (1970), at the LaM, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
Eagle (1971), steel plate, bolts and paint, 38’9″ x 32’8″ x 32’8″, Olympic Sculpture Park, Seattle, Washington
White and Red Boomerang (1971), Painted metal, wire, Honolulu Museum of Art
“Four Arches” (1973), red painted steel plate, 63′ tall Los Angeles, California
Stegosaurus (1973), steel plate, bolts and paint, 50′ tall, Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, Connecticut
Cheval Rouge (Red Horse) (1974), red painted sheet metal, at the National Gallery, Washington, D.C.
Flamingo (1974), red painted steel, at the Federal Plaza, Chicago, Illinois
Universe (1974), motorized “wallmobile”, black, red, yellow, and blue painted steel, Willis Tower, Chicago, Illinois
Black Flag (1974), black painted steel, Storm King Art Center, New York State
Tripes (1974), black painted steel, Storm King Art Center
The Arch (1975), black painted steel, Storm King Art Center
The Red Feather (1975), black and red painted steel, 11′ x 6’3″ x 11’2″, The Kentucky Center
Flying Dragon (1975), red painted steel, believed to be the final stabile personally created by Alexander Calder, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Untitled (1976), aluminum honeycomb, tubing and paint, 358½ x 912″, National Gallery of Art Washington, D.C.
L’Araignée Rouge (The Red Spider) (1976), 15m tall, monumental sculpture, Paris La Défense France
Mountains and Clouds (1976), painted aluminum and steel, 612 inches x 900 inches, Hart Senate Office Building
Calder’s set for Socrate (1976), Pivotal stage sets presented in New York on the first anniversary of Calder’s death
Five Swords (1976), red painted steel, Storm King Art Center

참고 = 위키백과, 나무위키

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